Nicholas and Alexandra Information

Nicholas and Alexandra is a 1971 biographical film which tells the story of the last Russian monarch, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, and his wife, Tsarina Alexandra.

The film was adapted by James Goldman from the book by Robert K. Massie. It was directed by Franklin J. Schaffner.

It won Academy Awards for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration (John Box, Ernest Archer, Jack Maxsted, Gil Parrondo, Vernon Dixon) and Best Costume Design, and was nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Janet Suzman), Best Cinematography, Best Music, Original Dramatic Score and Best Picture.

Plot

The story begins with the birth of the Tsarevich Alexei in the opulent surroundings of the Imperial Court. The Russo-Japanese War is on and Tsar Nicholas (Michael Jayston) is warned by Count Witte (Laurence Olivier) and Grand Duke Nicholas (Harry Andrews) that the war is futile and costing too many lives. They also tell him that the Russian people want a representative government, health care, voting and workers' rights, but Nicholas wants to maintain the traditional autocracy left to him by his forefathers. Meanwhile, underground political parties led by Vladimir Lenin (Michael Bryant), Joseph Stalin (James Hazeldine) and Leon Trotsky (Brian Cox) have formed.

Alexei is soon diagnosed with hemophilia. The Tsarina Alexandra (Janet Suzman) is frantic. A shy former German princess who is not highly thought of by the Russian royal court, she is isolated, but is befriended by Grigori Rasputin (Tom Baker), a Siberian peasant who describes himself as a religious pilgrim or holy man. He has become a curiosity with some people at court. Later Alexandra calls upon him to help her pray for Alexei, and comes to believe in his healing, life-saving abilities.

In a textile mill, working under ghastly conditions, the people are encouraged by their priest, Father George Gapon (Julian Glover). He leads them, joined by many other peasant workers, in a clearly peaceful procession to the Winter Palace, intending to present a petition to the Tsar. Hundreds of soldiers stand ready in front of the palace; their commanding officer tells them to shoot up in the air, but he falls from his horse, there is a panic, and the soldiers proceed to fire randomly into the crowd. Nicholas has not been at the palace and is horrified when he hears of the massacre, but admits he wouldn't have granted the people's requests. (Bloody Sunday).

Eight years later, on the 300th anniversary of Romanov rule, the family holidays at the Livadia Palace in the Crimea. Alexei (Roderic Noble) is a very lively little boy who is constantly prevented from leading a normal life. A close bond, however, exists between Alexei and his bodyguard/protector, the Russian Naval Sailor Nagorny (John Hallam). Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin (Eric Porter), who succeeded Witte, has commissioned the Imperial Duma and granted some of the people's requests in order to preserve the Russian Empire. Prime Minister Stolypin also presents Nicholas with police reports about Rasputin's dissolute behaviour, which is serving to give the Tsar a bad reputation. As a result, the Tsar dismisses Rasputin from the court. Alexandra demands his return. She knows Alexei's haemophilia was inherited from her, and is racked with guilt. She is obsessed with the thought that only Rasputin can stop the bleeding attacks when they occur.

The Tercentenary celebration occurs in a grand fashion with much partying and festivities, but takes a turn for the worse when Prime Minister Stolypin is shot at an opera performance in Kiev. Nicholas retaliates not only by uprooting the conspiracy and executing the killers, but also by closing the Duma and allowing police to terrorize the peasants and burn their homes.

Alexei has a minor fall at the Spala Hunting Lodge, which leads to his worst internal bleeding attack yet. It is presumed that he will die. The Tsaritsa writes a letter to Rasputin, who soon responds with words of comfort and confidence. Sure enough, the Tsarevich recovers, and Rasputin is allowed to return.

World War I begins a few weeks after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, part of Austria-Hungary. Germany declares war on Russia immediately after Nicholas has ordered the mobilisation of Russia's forces on Germany's border. Nicholas decides to command the troops himself in 1915 and leaves for the front, taking over from his much more experienced cousin, Grand Duke Nicholas. This leaves Alexandra in charge at home. Under Rasputin's influence and her own conservative inclinations, she makes unwise decisions. Very few people have been told about Alexei's illness or how Rasputin appears to be helping him, so it looks like the Tsarina is losing her mind, or perhaps having an affair with Rasputin. Out on the front lines, Nicholas is visited by his mother the Dowager Empress Maria Foeodorovna (Irene Worth), (who is very outspokenly critical of her son's lack of leadership abilities), who scolds him about not attending to crumbling domestic issues and implores him to eliminate Rasputin (as well as to send Alexandra away to one of the royal palaces out of sight). On a sort of drunken whim, two decadent young princes, Grand Duke Dmitri (Richard Warwick) and Prince Felix Yusupov (Martin Potter), invite Rasputin to an opium party and kill him in December, 1916.

Deprived of her only trusted advisor, Alexandra becomes unable to cope. Workers go on strike everywhere. The army is ill supplied. Starving and freezing, they revolt and St. Petersburg is overrun with them. Nicholas makes a long return to Tsarskoye Selo, but is forced to abdicate in his train at Mogilev, not only for himself but for Alexei, who is furious when he hears this, and becomes withdrawn, believing that the family will soon perish.

The family (and Dr. Botkin (Timothy West) and Nagorny) are forced to leave the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo by Kerensky and are brought to Siberia in mid-1917, where they live under less grand conditions with rough but decent guards. In late 1917, Russia falls into the hands of the Bolshevik Party, the one revolutionary group that nobody took seriously. The Russian Civil War starts very soon afterwards, and the family is transferred to the grim Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg, under harsher conditions, and into the keeping of the cold-blooded and unfeeling Yakov Yurovsky (Alan Webb) (whom Alexei immediately pegs as an evil man). At one point, some of the guards are physically harsh with young Alexei, so Nagorny leaps to his defence and attacks them. Nagorny is taken away and shot, leaving Alexei even more bitter and withdrawn than he ever was. In a near-final tragic scene, the family is shown laughing as they read previously withheld letters from friends, relatives and teachers. Only Alexei remains aloof, sensing what is about to happen. The Bolsheviks are frantically deciding what to do as the White Army is on the verge on capturing Yekaterinburg. In the middle of the night of 16/17 July 1918, the Bolsheviks awaken the Romanov family and Dr. Botkin. Told they're being sent to another city, the family and the doctor pack their things and wait in the cellar. Their keeper Yurovsky and his assistants enter the room, as Alexei kisses his father for the last time. They point their guns at the family, causing Olga (Ania Marson) and Tatiana (Lynne Frederick) to scream, Maria (Candace Glendenning) to run into the doctor's arms and Alexandra to cross herself. Then they open fire, and the first bullet goes through Nicholas' hand. The end scene shows the wall covered in blood and dissolves into the end credits and main theme.

Cast

Michael Jayston (Tsar Nicholas II) Janet Suzman (Empress Alexandra) Roderic Noble (Tsarevich Alexei) Ania Marson (Grand Duchess Olga) Lynne Frederick (Grand Duchess Tatiana) Candace Glendenning (Grand Duchess Maria) Fiona Fullerton (Grand Duchess Anastasia) Laurence Olivier (Count Witte) Harry Andrews (Grand Duke Nicholas) Irene Worth (Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna) Tom Baker (Grigori Rasputin) Jack Hawkins (Count Fredericks) Timothy West (Dr. Botkin) Jean-Claude Drouot (Mr. Gilliard) John Hallam (Nagorny) Guy Rolfe (Dr. Fedorov) John Wood (Colonel Kobylinsky)

Eric Porter (Pyotr Stolypin) Michael Redgrave (Sergey Sazonov) Maurice Denham (Vladimir Kokovtsov) Ralph Truman (Rodzianko) Gordon Gostelow (Guchkov) John McEnery (Alexander Kerensky) Michael Bryant (Lenin) Brian Cox (Trotsky) James Hazeldine (Stalin) Steven Berkoff (Pankratov) Ian Holm (Commissar Yakovlev) Alan Webb (Yurovsky) Roy Dotrice (General Alexeiev) Richard Warwick (Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia) Alexander Knox (American Ambassador) Curt Jürgens (German Consul) Julian Glover (Georgy Gapon)

Production

Producer Sam Spiegel tackled "Nicholas and Alexandra" when he was shut out from working with director David Lean on "Doctor Zhivago" which was also set against the backdrop of revolutionary Russia. Spiegel had alienated Lean when the two worked together constantly dogging the perfectionist director in order to get the film "Lawrence of Arabia" on time. Spiegel initially tried to make "Nicholas and Alexandra" without buying the rights to the book by Robert K. Massie's claiming the story was in public domain but, eventually, Spiegel purchased the rights and hired writer James Goldman to do the adaption of Massie's book.

Goldman, who had written the popular play and film "The Lion in Winter", labored on draft after draft as directors came and went (George Stevens, Anthony Harvey, Joseph Mankiewicz and Charles Jarrot were all attached to the project at one point). After seeing "Patton", Goldman recommended Franklin J. Schaffner (who would go on to win his Best Director Academy Award while working on "Nicholas and Alexandra").

Producer Spiegel turned to former collaborators John Box to do the production design and cinematographer Freddie Young ("Lawrence of Arabia")to work on the film so as to give the production the epic touch he felt it needed.

Spiegel had to work with stricter budget constraints from Columbia than before preventing him from achieving his first choices for the leads (Peter O'Toole as Rasputin and Vanessa Redgrave as Alexandra)and, while well known actors such as Lawrence Olivier and Jack Hawkins appeared in the film, actor Rex Harrison turned down a supporting role because he felt it was too small.

Despite the detailed production design, photography and strong performances from the cast, "Nicholas and Alexandra" failed to find the large audience it needed to be a financial success.

Awards

"Nicholas and Alexandra" was nominated for three Golden Globes including Best Supporting Actor and Most Promising Newcomer for actor Tom Baker (who was recommended to the producer and director by Lawrence Oliver for the role) and Best Actress for Janet Suzman.

The film received three nominations from BAFTA including Best Actress and Most Promising Newcomer for Janet Suzman and Best Costume Design.

"Nicholas and Alexandra" was recognized by the National Board of Review as one of the Top 10 Films of 1972.

The score by Richard Rodney Bennett was nominated for a Grammy.

The film was nominated six Academy Awards including Best Actress, Best Cinematography, Best Original Score, Best Costume Design and Best Art Direction however the film won only two Oscars for Best Costume Design and Best Art Direction.

Home Video Release

"Nicholas and Alexandra" received a home video release on DVD on July 27, 1999 from Sony. The DVD featured a vintage 14 minute featurette on the production of the film. The film received a Blu-ray release in February 2013 from Twilight Time. The Blu-ray featured three featurettes on the production of the film covering the make up, costume designs and the actresses playing the Tsar's daughters in the film. The original theatrical trailer as well as an isolated music score. The isolated music track was presented in stereo even though the sound on the Blu-ray was presented in mono. The Blu-ray release was limited to only 3000 copies.

Soundtrack

This soundtrack was written by Richard Rodney Bennett.

1. Overture (02:19)
2. Nicholas and Alexandra (01:26)
3. The Royal Children (01:23)
4. The Palace (01:00)
5. Sunshine Days (03:21)
6. Alexandra (01:18)
7. The Romanov Tercentenary (00:52)
8. Lenin in Exile (01:21)
9. The Princessess (02:20)
10. The Breakthrough (02:35)
11. The Declaration of War (02:55)
12. Extracte (02:40)
13. The Journey to the Front (01:02)
14. Military March (02:40)
15. Rasputin's Death (01:28)
16. The People Revolt (01:19)
17. Alexandra Alone (01:11)
18. Farewells (02:30)
19. Dancing in the Snow (01:11)
20. Departure from Tobolsk (01:30)
21. Elegy (01:38)
22. Epilogue (01:50)

Fact vs. fiction

Some elements of the movie take creative license:

• Stolypin's assassination is portrayed accurately, but actually took place in 1911; he is shown attending the Tercentenary, which occurred in 1913.

• The party at which Rasputin is poisoned is based on evidence left by Prince Felix Yusupov. Rasputin is seen surviving the poisoning and numerous gunshot wounds, but there is evidence to suggest that Rasputin died from drowning after his body was pushed under the ice of the River Neva.

• The Tsarina Alexandra's German heritage is blamed for some of the family's unpopularity, but Alexandra was never really popular with the Russian people; her German background particularly burdened her during World War I when Russia was at war with Germany.

• When the Romanovs are executed, not a word is spoken to them prior to their death. Historical accounts indicate that an execution order was read to them beforehand.

• The house where the Romanovs were imprisoned in Tobolsk is depicted as very austere, when in fact they were housed in the former governor's mansion in great comfort. It was only in Yekaterinburg that their living conditions became much worse.

• Only Nicholas, Alexandra and Marie arrived together at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg; Olga, Alexei, Tatiana and Anastasia arrived later due to Alexei's illness in Tobolsk.

• The Romanov family was executed together with four faithful servants: doctor Eugene Botkin, chambermaid Anna Demidova, cook Ivan Kharitonov, and footman Alexei Trupp. However, in the film only the family and the doctor are finally executed; the other characters do not appear in the film.

• There is no evidence that the scene with Grand Duchess Tatiana exposing her breasts to a Bolshevik soldier ever occurred.

• Alexander Kerensky informed Nicholas in summer 1917 that the United Kingdom would not accept him and the royal family as refugees. Britain did not wish to accept the Romanovs as they were seen as bloody tyrants; King George V in particular feared for his own throne if his Russian cousins came to Britain. When it was made public that the Romanovs would be sent abroad, the public outcry against it was so overwhelming that the provisional government decided to keep them as prisoners, as its own future was on shaky ground. It is claimed MI6 had proposed an idea of a covert extraction of the Tsar and his family, but this is considered speculation as no such a mission could be accomplished.

Historical sources

Although Robert Massie wrote the book upon which this film was based, he did not have complete information, for the Soviet government (in power at the time) would not permit the release of all relevant records. Twenty years after the film debuted, the Soviet Union fell and the records of the Romanovs were released. Massie later wrote a continuation, The Romanovs: The Final Chapter.